Are domesticated animals dumber than their wild relatives? A comprehensive review on the domestication effects on animal cognitive performance.

Animal domestication leads to diverse behavioral, physiological, and neurocognitive changes in domesticated species compared to their wild relatives. However, the widely held belief that domesticated species are inherently less "intelligent" (i.e., have lower cognitive performance) than their wild counterparts requires further investigation. To investigate potential cognitive disparities, we undertook a thorough review of 88 studies comparing the cognitive performance of domesticated and wild animals. Approximately 30% of these studies showed superior cognitive abilities in wild animals, while another 30% highlighted superior cognitive abilities in domesticated animals. The remaining 40% of studies found similar cognitive performance between the two groups. Therefore, the question regarding the presumed intelligence of wild animals and the diminished cognitive ability of domesticated animals remains unresolved. We discuss important factors/limitations for interpreting past and future research, including environmental influences, diverse objectives of domestication (such as breed development), developmental windows, and methodological issues impacting cognitive comparisons. Rather than perceiving these limitations as constraints, future researchers should embrace them as opportunities to expand our understanding of the complex relationship between domestication and animal cognition.

Short photoperiod modulates behavior, cognition and hippocampal neurogenesis in male Japanese quail.

The mechanisms underlying the photoperiodic control of reproduction in mammals and birds have been recently clarified. In contrast, the potential impact of photoperiod on more complex, integrative processes, such as cognitive behaviors, remains poorly characterized. Here, we investigated the impact of contrasted long and short photoperiods (LP, 16 h light/day and SP, 8 h light/day, respectively) on learning, spatial orientation abilities, and emotional reactivity in male Japanese quail. In addition, we quantified cell proliferation and young cell maturation/migration within the hippocampus, a brain region involved in spatial orientation. Our study reveals that, in male quail, SP increases emotional responses and spatial orientation abilities, compared to LP. Behaviorally, SP birds were found to be more fearful than LP birds, exhibiting more freezing in the open field and taking longer to exit the dark compartment in the emergence test. Furthermore, SP birds were significantly less aggressive than LP birds in a mirror test. Cognitively, SP birds were slower to habituate and learn a spatial orientation task compared to LP birds. However, during a recall test, SP birds performed better than LP birds. From a neuroanatomical standpoint, SP birds had a significantly lower density of young neurons, and also tended to have a lower density of mature neurons within the hippocampus, compared to LP birds. In conclusion, our data reveal that, beyond breeding control, photoperiod also exerts a profound influence on behavior, cognition, and brain plasticity, which comprise the seasonal program of this species.

Effects of domestication on responses of chickens and red junglefowl to conspecific calls: A pilot study.

Beyond physical and zootechnical characteristics, the process of animal domestication has also altered how domesticated individuals, compared to their wild counterparts, perceive, process, and interact with their environment. Little is known, however, on whether and how domestication altered the perception of conspecific calls on both domesticated and wild breeds. In the present work, we compared the vigilance behavior of domestic and captive-born wild fowl following the playback of chicken alarm calls and contentment calls (control). The playback tests were performed on four different breeds/lines. We first compared the behavioral reaction of domesticated White Leghorn (WL, a breed selected for egg production) and Red Junglefowl (RJF) hens (ancestor of domestic chickens). We also compared the behavior of Red Junglefowl hens selected for high or low fear of humans (RJF HF and RJF LF, respectively), a proxy to investigate early effects of domestication. Contrary to our expectations, no breed/line reacted accordingly to the calls, as the increase in vigilance behavior after the playback calls was similar for both alarm and contentment calls. Although no call discrimination differences were found, breeds did differ on how they reacted/habituated to the calls. Overall, WL were more vigilant than RJF, and birds from the RJF LF line decreased their vigilance over testing days, while this was not the case for the RJF HF line. These results suggest that birds under commercial-like conditions are unable to discriminate between alarm and contentment calls. Interestingly, domestication and selection for low fear of humans may have altered how birds react to vocal stimuli. It is important to consider that farmed animals may interpret and be affected by the vocalizations of their conspecifics in unexpected ways, which warrants further investigation.

Risk factors for medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw and salivary IL-6 IN cancer patients / Fatores de risco para osteonecrose dos maxilares relacionada à medicação e níveis salivares de IL-6 em pacientes com câncer

Abstract Introduction Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws is a severe complication of the use of antiresorptive and antiangiogenic therapy, with limited treatment options and great impact on patient's quality pf life. Objective The aim of this study was to assess the risk factors associated with medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws in oncologic patients undergoing bisphosphonate treatment. In addition, salivary levels of interleukin-6, IL-6, were measured to investigate their association with severity and risk of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws. Methods Case-control study with 74 patients with bone metastases from solid tumors and multiple myeloma was included. Patients were divided into three groups: 1) those undergoing bisphosphonate treatment with medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws; 2) those undergoing bisphosphonate without medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws; and 3) those with bisphosphonate pretreatment. The demographic and medical data of the patients were collected to assess risk. The clinical evaluation was performed to diagnose medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws and unstimulated saliva was collected for quantification of IL-6. Results As result, it was observed that patients diagnosed with medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws were submitted to higher number of bisphosphonate doses (p= 0.001) and monthly infusion protocol (p= 0.044; OR = 7.75). Patients who did not have routine followup with specialized dentists during therapy with bisphosphonate and smoking were associated with medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws (p= 0.019; OR = 8.25 and p= 0.031; OR = 9.37 respectively). Group 1 had a higher frequency of treatment with chemotherapy and corticosteroids concomitant with bisphosphonate, and surgical dental procedures (p= 0.129). Salivary IL-6 levels showed no statistically significant difference between the groups (p= 0.571) or association with medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws severity (p= 0.923). Conclusion A higher number of bisphosphonate cycles, monthly infusion protocol, no dental follow-up for oral health maintenance and smoking were associated with medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws. Specialized dental follow up during bisphosphonate treatment has been shown to be an important factor in preventing this complication.

Resumo Introdução A osteonecrose dos maxilares relacionada à medicação é uma complicação grave da terapia antirreabsortiva e antiangiogênica, com opção de tratamento limitada e grande impacto na qualidade de vida do paciente. Objetivo Avaliar os fatores de risco associados à osteonecrose dos maxilares relacionada à medicação em pacientes oncológicos em tratamento com bifosfonato Além disso, os níveis salivares de interleucina-6 (IL-6) foram medidos para investigar sua associação com a gravidade e o risco de osteonecrose dos maxilares relacionada à medicação. Método Estudo caso-controle com 74 pacientes com metástases ósseas de tumores sólidos e mieloma múltiplo. Os pacientes foram divididos em três grupos: 1) em tratamento por bifosfonato com osteonecrose dos maxilares relacionada à medicação; 2) submetidos ao bifosfonato sem osteonecrose dos maxilares relacionada à medicação; e 3) pré-tratamento de bifosfonato. Os dados demográficos e médicos dos pacientes foram coletados para avaliar o risco. A avaliação clínica foi feita para diagnosticar osteonecrose dos maxilares relacionada à medicação e a saliva não estimulada foi coletada para quantificação da IL-6. Resultados Observou-se que os pacientes diagnosticados com osteonecrose dos maxilares relacionada à medicação foram submetidos a maior número de doses de bifosfonato (p = 0,001) e protocolo de infusão mensal (p = 0,044; OR = 7,75). Pacientes que não tiveram acompanhamento de rotina com dentistas especializados durante a terapia com bifosfonato e tabagismo foram associados ao osteonecrose dos maxilares relacionada à medicação (p = 0,019; OR = 8,25 e p = 0,031; OR = 9,37, respectivamente). O grupo 1 apresentou maior frequência de tratamento com quimioterapia e corticosteroides concomitantes ao bifosfonato e procedimentos odontológicos cirúrgicos (p = 0,129). Os níveis salivares de IL-6 não apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significante entre os grupos (p = 0,571) ou associação com a gravidade do osteonecrose dos maxilares relacionada à medicação (p = 0,923). Conclusão Maior número de ciclos de bifosfonato, protocolo de infusão mensal, ausência de acompanhamento odontológico para manutenção da saúde bucal e tabagismo foram associados ao osteonecrose dos maxilares relacionada à medicação. O acompanhamento odontológico especializado durante o tratamento demonstrou ser importante na prevenção dessa complicação.

Positive effects of bubbles as a feeding predictor on behaviour of farmed rainbow trout.

Occupational enrichment emerges as a promising strategy for improving the welfare of farmed animals. This form of enrichment aims to stimulate cognitive abilities of animals by providing them with more opportunities to interact with and control their environment. Predictability of salient daily events, and in particular predictability of feeding, is currently one of the most studied occupational enrichment strategies and can take several forms. In fish, while temporal predictability of feeding has been widely investigated, signalled predictability (based on a signal, such as light or sound) has received little attention. Depending on the type of predictability used and the ecology of the species, the effects on fish welfare often differ. The present study aimed to determine which feeding predictability would be most appropriate for rainbow trout, the main continental farmed fish in Europe, and what the consequences might be for their welfare. We tested four feeding predictability conditions: temporal (based on time of day), signalled (based on bubble diffusion), temporal + signalled (based on time and bubble diffusion), and unpredictable (random feeding times). Behavioural and zootechnical outcomes recorded were swimming activity, aggressive behaviours, burst of accelerations, and jumps, emotional reactivity, and growth. Our results showed that rainbow trout can predict daily feedings relying on time and/or bubbles as predictors as early as two weeks of conditioning, as evidenced by their increased swimming activity before feeding or during feed omission tests, which allowed to reinforce their conditioned response. Temporal predictability alone resulted in an increase in pre-feeding aggressive behaviours, burst of accelerations, and jumps, suggesting that the use of time as the sole predictor of feedings in husbandry practices may be detrimental to fish welfare. Signalled predictability with bubbles alone resulted in fewer pre-feeding agonistic behaviours, burst of accelerations, and jumps than in the temporal predictability condition. The combination of temporal and signalled predictability elicited the highest conditioned response and the level of pre-feeding aggression behaviours, burst of accelerations and jumps tended to be lower than for temporal predictability alone. Interestingly, fish swimming activity during bubble diffusion also revealed that bubbles were highly attractive regardless of the condition. Rainbow trout growth and emotional reactivity were not affected by the predictability condition. We conclude, therefore, that the use of bubbles as a feeding predictor could represent an interesting approach to improve rainbow trout welfare in farms, by acting as both an occupational and physical enrichment.

White Leghorn and Red Junglefowl female chicks use distal and local cues similarly, but differ in persistency behaviors, during a spatial orientation task.

Although there is evidence to suggest that animal domestication acts as a modulator of spatial orientation, little is known on how domesticated animals, compared to their wild counterparts, orientate themselves when confronted to different environmental cues. Here, using domesticated White Leghorn chicks, and their ancestor, the Red Junglefowl (Gallus gallus), our main objective was to investigate how bird domestication influences the use of distal and local cues, during an orientation task. We also investigated the memory retention of these cues over time, and how persistent/flexible individuals from both breeds were at pecking at unreachable mealworms. Our results showed that the breeds did not differ in their use of distal or local cues, with both showing a marked preference for the use of local cues over distal ones. Over time, individual performance declined, but this was not influenced by the type of cue present during the tests, nor by the breed. Domesticated chicks showed greater signs of persistency compared to their wild conspecifics. In conclusion, domestication did not seem to alter how birds orientate spatially, but may have caused more subtle changes, such as an increase in behavioral persistency, a feature that may be adaptative in human-controlled and homogenous environments.

Foraging Behavior Shows Individual-Consistency Over Time, and Predicts Range Use in Slow-Growing Free-Range Male Broiler Chickens.

Recent research on free-range chickens shows that individual behavioral differences may link to range use. However, most of these studies explored individual behavioral differences only at one time point or during a short time window, assessed differences when animals were out of their social group and home environment (barn and range), and in specific tests or situations. Therefore, it is yet unclear how different behaviors relate to range use and how consistent these behaviors are at the individual level. To fill this gap, we here aimed to describe the behavioral budget of slow-growing male broiler chickens (S757N) when in their social group and home environment during the whole rearing period (from the second week of life to the twelfth week, before slaughter), and to relate observed behavioral differences to range use. For this, we followed a sample of individuals in two flocks (n = 60 focal chickens out of 200 chickens per flock), over two seasons, during three periods: before range access (from 14 to 25 days old), during early range access (first weeks of range access, from 37 to 53 days old), and during late range access (last weeks of range access, from 63 to 87 days old). By the end of each period, individual tests of exploration and social motivation were also performed, measuring exploration/activity and sociability propensities. Our results show that foraging (i.e., pecking and scratching at the ground) was the only behavior that correlated to range use for all three rearing periods, independent of the season. Foraging was also the only behavior that showed within-individual consistency from an early age and across the three rearing periods. Foraging may, therefore, serve as a useful behavioral predictor of range use in free-range broiler chickens. Our study increases the knowledge of how behaviors develop and relate to each other in a domesticated and intensely selected species, and improves our understanding of the biology of free-range broiler chickens. These findings can, ultimately, serve as a foundation to increase range use and improve chicken welfare.

Risk factors for medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw and salivary IL-6 IN cancer patients.

INTRODUCTION: Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws is a severe complication of the use of antiresorptive and antiangiogenic therapy, with limited treatment options and great impact on patient's quality pf life. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to assess the risk factors associated with medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws in oncologic patients undergoing bisphosphonate treatment. In addition, salivary levels of interleukin-6, IL-6, were measured to investigate their association with severity and risk of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws. METHODS: Case-control study with 74 patients with bone metastases from solid tumors and multiple myeloma was included. Patients were divided into three groups: 1) those undergoing bisphosphonate treatment with medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws; 2) those undergoing bisphosphonate without medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws; and 3) those with bisphosphonate pretreatment. The demographic and medical data of the patients were collected to assess risk. The clinical evaluation was performed to diagnose medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws and unstimulated saliva was collected for quantification of IL-6. RESULTS: As result, it was observed that patients diagnosed with medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws were submitted to higher number of bisphosphonate doses (p = 0.001) and monthly infusion protocol (p = 0.044; OR = 7.75). Patients who did not have routine followup with specialized dentists during therapy with bisphosphonate and smoking were associated with medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws (p = 0.019; OR = 8.25 and p = 0.031; OR = 9.37 respectively). Group 1 had a higher frequency of treatment with chemotherapy and corticosteroids concomitant with bisphosphonate, and surgical dental procedures (p = 0.129). Salivary IL-6 levels showed no statistically significant difference between the groups (p = 0.571) or association with medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws severity (p = 0.923). CONCLUSION: A higher number of bisphosphonate cycles, monthly infusion protocol, no dental follow-up for oral health maintenance and smoking were associated with medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws. Specialized dental follow up during bisphosphonate treatment has been shown to be an important factor in preventing this complication.

Training level reveals a dynamic dialogue between stress and memory systems in birds.

Chronic stress profoundly affects forms of declarative memory, such as spatial memory, while it may spare non-declarative memory, such as cue-based memory. It is known, however, that the effects of chronic stress on memory systems may vary according to the level of training of an individual was submitted. Here, we investigated, in birds, how chronic stress impact spatial and cue-based memories according to training level. For that, control and chronically stressed Japanese quail were trained in a task that could be solved using spatial and cue-based memory and tested for their memory performance after 5 and 15 training days (initial training and overtraining, respectively) and following an emotional challenge (exposure to an open field). Our results showed that, compared to control quail, chronic stress impacted negatively spatial memory performances in stressed birds after initial training, but these differences were lowered after overtraining. Control birds seemed to shift from spatial to cue-based memory to solve the task across overtraining. However, an emotional challenge before testing reinstated the negative impact of chronic stress on spatial memory performances between the groups, revealing that chronic stress/overtraining did not eliminate the spatial memory and differences caused by stressors can reemerge depending on the individual's immediate psychological state. Contrary to spatial memory, cue-based memory was not affected in chronically stressed birds compared to control birds in any test occasion, confirming its resistance against the negative effects of chronic stress. Altogether these findings reveal a dynamic dialogue between stress, training level, and memory systems in birds.

Working for food is related to range use in free-range broiler chickens.

When animals prefer to make efforts to obtain food instead of acquiring it from freely available sources, they exhibit what is called contrafreeloading. Recently, individual differences in behavior, such as exploration, were shown to be linked to how prone an individual may be to contrafreeload. In this work, our main objective was to test whether and how individual differences in range use of free-range broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) were related to the individual motivation to contrafreeload. We also verified whether other behavioral variations could relate to range use. To that aim, over three different periods (before range access, first weeks of range access, and last weeks of range access), chickens with different ranging levels (low and high rangers) were submitted to a contrafreeloading test and had different behaviors recorded (such as foraging, resting, locomotion) in their home environment. During the contrafreeloading test, chickens were conditioned to one chamber presenting a foraging substrate and mealworms, while in the other chamber, mealworms were freely available on the floor. During testing trials, chickens had access to both empty chambers, and the time spent in each chamber was quantified. On average, low rangers preferred the chamber where mealworms were easily accessible (without the foraging substrate), while high rangers preferred the chamber where mealworms were accessible with difficulty, showing greater contrafreeloading. Out of ten behaviors recorded in chickens' home environment, foraging was the only one that differed significantly between our two ranging groups, with low rangers foraging, on average, significantly less than high rangers. These results corroborate previous experiences suggesting that range use is probably linked to chickens' exploratory trait and suggest that individual differences in free-range broiler chickens are present even before range access. Increasing our knowledge of individual particularities is a necessary step to improve free-range chicken welfare on the farm.

Antiresorptive medication in oncology: the clinical and dental profile of patients in a reference center.

OBJECTIVES: : The aim of this study was to evaluate the profile of patients on antiresorptive therapies for cancer treatment and assess presence of oral lesions, oral hygiene status, and knowledge regarding medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was an observational cross-sectional study that evaluated patients treated with antiresorptive medication at a single cancer hospital. Clinical data were collected and oral examination was performed to assess patient oral health. RESULTS: From July 2017 to December 2018, 90 patients were assessed; 64 were female and 26 were male, and the mean age was 61 years. The most common drug was an intravenous bisphosphonate, zoledronic acid. Among the 90 patients, 47 presented with some type of oral disease, isolated or associated. Among these 47 patients, 9 patients (10%) developed osteonecrosis. Oral hygiene was evaluated, and most patients, with or without MRONJ, presented with regular to poor condition. Regarding patient knowledge of the risks of MRONJ and the risks associated with dental surgery, 60% stated that they were not aware of the risks. CONCLUSION: Identifying the profile of patients and their needs facilitates not only the preventive process, but also the emergence of new therapeutic options. Our study shows that most patients are weakened both by metastatic disease and antineoplastic treatment as well as by issues associated with aging because most were over 60 years of age. Collectively, this information should be considered for management of preventive and therapeutic measures.

Emotionality modulates the impact of chronic stress on memory and neurogenesis in birds.

Chronic stress is a strong modulator of cognitive processes, such as learning and memory. There is, however, great within-individual variation in how an animal perceives and reacts to stressors. These differences in coping with stress modulate the development of stress-induced memory alterations. The present study investigated whether and how chronic stress and individual emotionality interrelate and influence memory performances and brain neurogenesis in birds. For that, we used two lines of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) with divergent emotionality levels. Highly (E+) and less (E-) emotional quail were submitted to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) for 3 weeks and trained in a spatial task and a discrimination task, a form of cue-based memory. E + and E- birds were also used to assess the impact of CUS and emotionality on neurogenesis within the hippocampus and the striatum. CUS negatively impacted spatial memory, and cell proliferation, and survival in the hippocampus. High emotionality was associated with a decreased hippocampal neurogenesis. CUS improved discrimination performances and favored the differentiation of newborn cells into mature neurons in the striatum, specifically in E+ birds. Our results provide evidence that CUS consequences on memory and neural plasticity depends both on the memory system and individual differences in behavior.

Social motivation and the use of distal, but not local, featural cues are related to ranging behavior in free-range chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus).

Animals can navigate an environment relying on different sources of information, such as geometrical or featural cues. The favoring of one type of information over another depends on multiple factors, such as inter-individual differences in behavior and cognition. Free-range chickens present different range use patterns, which may be explained by behavioral and cognitive differences. However, how behavior, cognition, and range use intercorrelate is still poorly understood. In this work, we aimed to further understand possible differences in behavior and cognition between two groups of free-range broiler chickens: those who frequently explore their range ('high rangers') and those who prefer to stay in or near the barn ('low rangers'). Prior to range access, individual behavior was measured in open field-, emergence-, and social motivation tests. To investigate cognitive differences, we analyzed whether exploratory behavior was linked to different performances in the use of distal and local spatial cues during an orientation task. During the social motivation test, low rangers showed a higher inclination to be near conspecifics than did high rangers. Our orientation tests show that chickens preferred to orientate themselves using the local cues over the distal cues. Individual differences were only found for distal, but not for local, cue use suggesting that demanding tasks are more efficient in revealing individual cognitive differences. Our results suggest that considering variation in social motivation may allow a more comprehensive understanding of chicken range use. Our results also support the importance of incorporating multiple aspects of individual differences to understand individual reactions to its environment.

Uninhibited chickens: ranging behaviour impacts motor self-regulation in free-range broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus).

Inhibiting impulsive, less flexible behaviours is of utmost importance for individual adaptation in an ever-changing environment. However, problem-solving tasks may be greatly impacted by individual differences in behaviour, since animals with distinct behavioural types perceive and interact with their environment differently, resulting in variable responses to the same stimuli. Here, we tested whether and how differences in ranging behaviour of free-range chickens affect motor self-regulation performance during a cylinder task. For this task, subjects must refrain from trying to reach a food reward through the walls of a transparent cylinder and detour to its open sides, as a sign of inhibition. Free-range chickens exhibited an overall low performance in the motor self-regulation task (31.33 ± 13.55% of correct responses), however, high rangers showed significantly poorer performance than the low rangers (23.75 ± 9.16% versus 40 ± 12.90%, respectively). These results give further support to the impacts of individual behavioural differences on cognitive performances. This is the first demonstration to our knowledge of a relationship between exploratory tendencies and motor self-regulation for an avian species.

Relationship between ranging behavior and spatial memory of free-range chickens.

Different personalities may lead to different ways of processing environmental information; however, the relationship between personality and cognition is not fully understood as studies on diverse species present contrasting results. As there is great within-flock variability of outdoor ranging behavior in free-range broiler chickens, we tested whether and how ranging behavior impacts on individual spatial memory abilities. The experiment was conducted on one flock (n = 200) reared in the same conditions throughout the study, to simulate on-farm situations. As the ranging behavior was stable over time, we compared two distinct groups of male chickens: one that visited the range more (High rangers) and one that was more prone to staying in the poultry house (Low rangers). To test the spatial memory, individuals (n = 30) went through two main phases in an arena with 8 cups. For the familiarization phase, individuals were submitted to one trial per day, for seven days, to a situation where all eight cups were baited with mealworms. Animals had to reach a criterion of 5 cups visited out of 8 to advance to the next phase. For the spatial test, only four cups were baited and systematically placed at the same location. This last phase comprised two trials per individual per day, for nine days. During these two phases, latency to visit cups and the number of visits and revisits of all cups were recorded. Low ranger chickens took less time to attain the pre-established threshold of visiting 5 cups out of 8, over the familiarization phase. During the spatial test, the latency to visit four cups decreased between the within-day trials for low ranger chickens and increased for high ranger chickens. Moreover, in the within-day trial analysis, low ranger chickens exhibited an improvement on spatial memory and better spatial memory compared to high ranger chickens. Different speed-accuracy trade-offs may explain these differences between low and high ranger chickens and the way individuals interact and solve the task. Our study strengthens the scientific evidence relating consistent individual differences in behavior, with the ranging behavior of free-range chickens, and cognitive performance during a spatial memory task.

Capacidade funcional e resiliência em idosos hospitalizados / Functional capacity and resilience in hospitalized older adults

Objetivo: identificar a capacidade funcional e a resiliência em idosos hospitalizados. Método: estudo quantitativo, transversal e descritivo realizado com 59 idosos internados em um hospital universitário. Aplicaram-se instrumentos de avaliação da capacidade funcional, resiliência e dados sociodemográficos. Resultados: constatou-se uma baixa resiliência em 28% dos idosos, média resiliência em 32% e alta resiliência em 39%. Entre os idosos mais independentes, o escore de maior frequência para a resiliência foi alto, enquanto os mais dependentes obtiveram escores de média a baixa resiliência. Conclusão: destaca-se a importância da realização da avaliação de resiliência e capacidade funcional como avaliação de rastreio em idosos, pois as baixas resiliência e capacidade funcional na avaliação inicial podem permitir a identificação de idosos com menor potencial de reabilitação e, assim, favorecer um melhor planejamento da alta pelos profissionais de saúde e uma alta hospitalar precoce.(AU)

Aplicação de técnicas de redes neurais e modelagem atmosférica para elaboração de previsões de vazão na Bacia do Rio Grande (MG) / Application of neural networks techniques and atmospheric modeling to elaborate inflow forecasts in the Rio Grande Basin (MG), Brazil

RESUMO Neste estudo foi proposta a elaboração de um modelo de previsão de vazões no horizonte de dez dias para a Usina Hidrelétrica de Furnas, localizada na Bacia do Rio Grande, Minas Gerais, a partir da aplicação de redes neurais artificiais (RNA), informações de vazão natural e precipitação observada e prevista. O modelo foi desenvolvido utilizando o software Matlab(r) Neural Network Toolbox. Escolheu-se uma rede neural do tipo perceptron multicamadas (MLP), treinada com algoritmo supervisionado de retropropagação Levenberg-Marquardt. As previsões de precipitação foram obtidas a partir do modelo ETA/Centro de Previsão do Tempo e Estudos Climáticos (CPTEC), e utilizadas com e sem tratamento matemático. Foram realizados três experimentos, dividindo-se o histórico de dados em três períodos, sendo o primeiro para a calibração do modelo, o segundo para a validação e o terceiro para os testes. Em cada experimento foi variado o conjunto de dados de entrada, sendo utilizada, no primeiro experimento, somente a vazão passada para prever os dez dias de vazão futura. No segundo foi adicionada a precipitação observada e, no terceiro, a previsão de precipitação. Os resultados da modelagem chuva-vazão obtidos com a previsão de precipitaçãodo modelo ETA não apresentaram melhorias estatísticas em comparação com os experimentos que só utilizaram informações passadas. No entanto, quando se utilizou a previsão de precipitação corrigida matematicamente, observou-se uma melhora sensível tanto nos índices estatísticos quanto na representação da previsão simulada no hidrograma, ficando o desempenho da modelagem proposta neste estudo semelhante à encontrada em modelos conceituais do tipo chuva-vazão.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to elaborate a ten-year runoff forecast model for the Furnas hydroelectric plant. The facility is located in the Rio Grande Basin in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Artificial neural networks were used to determine natural flow as well as observed and predicted precipitation. The model was created using the Matlab(r) Neural Network Toolbox software, and the multi-layers perceptron (MLP) was trained with supervised learning algorithm Levenberg-Marquardt. Precipitation forecasts derived from ETA/Centro de Previsão do Tempo e Estudos Climáticos (CPTEC) model, and both raw and mathematical adjusted data were used. Historical data was separated in three different periods in order to calibrate, validate and test the model. The first share was used for calibration, the second portion was used for validation and the third one to test the model. In each experiment the input data was modified; thus, in the first experiment, to forecast the ten day runoff, only the past runoff data was considered. In the second experiment, observed precipitation was added; and in the third one, the forecast precipitation was added. The rainfall-runoff modeling results did not show any significant improvement in the statistics when ETA input data is compared with the experiments that only used past information as input. Nevertheless, when forecast precipitation was used with mathematical adjustment, a mild improvement was shown for the statistics index and for the forecast hydrogram simulation. As a result, the modeling performance proposed in this study is similar to that found in conceptual models of rainfall-runoff type.

Core needle biopsy in the diagnosis of head and neck lesions: a retrospective study of 3 years.

The management of head and neck tumors is guided by its nature, location and extension. Despite CNB accuracy and efficiency being widely described in the literature, there are few studies that evaluate the diagnostic utility of the technique performed in an outpatient setting, in the diagnosis of head and neck tumors. The aim of this study is to present the experience, sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of the CNB performed in an outpatient setting, free handed, in an important oncology school-hospital. A total of 2007 patients with tumors in the head and neck treated for a period of 3 years were evaluated. A retrospective chart review was performed in 36 of these patients, who underwent core needle biopsy for diagnosis. All samples collected were subjected to histopathological analysis. Values of accuracy, sensitivity and specificity were 94, 92 and 100 %, respectively. In our service, held in an outpatient setting and without the aid of imaging tests, the core needle biopsy proved to be a test with high accuracy values, sensitivity and specificity, easy of application, low morbidity and high predictability, with great use in diagnosing tumors in head and neck.

Bilateral maxillary osteoplasty with esthetic purpose in patient with secondary hyperparathyroidism-related brown tumor: case report

Introduction and Objective: To report a case of a patient with secondary hyperparathyroidism that developed brown tumour in bilateral maxilla surgically managed with bilateral osteoplasty for aesthetic reasons. Case report: A 46 years-old woman patient with chronic kidney disease with complain of a painless bilateral growth on the maxilla, beginning 10 years before that ceased after surgical removal of the parathyroid eight years before. A CT scan showed a diffuse and heterogeneous bone lesion, with lytic areas and increased multilobulated volume on the maxilla, bilaterally. The surgery was an osteoplasty of the maxilla bone and performed under general anaesthesia. At 16-month follow-up, no recurrence was observed and the patient is satisfied with aesthetic and functional results. Conclusion: Secondary hyperparathyroidism related with oral brown tumour is a rare condition that affects function and aesthetic. The case reported in this paper was appropriately managed, achieving patient expectation and improving her life quality.